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Strategic Analysis
This call is a critical opportunity to bolster EU strategic autonomy in space by developing and industrializing advanced GaN MMIC technology on SiC substrates, free from non-EU export restrictions. A winning proposal must demonstrate not only technical excellence in component development but also a robust, fully EU-controlled supply chain and a clear, credible roadmap for industrialization and integration into key EU space missions.
TRL → 5
The description of the technology and/or technology processes and high-level breakdown of the space EEE component supply chain to be used. Applicants should demonstrate that the supply chain and final product are free of any legal export restrictions or limitations, such as those established in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) or equivalent instruments applicable in other non-EU jurisdictions. Applicants shall also report, in a dedicated subsection, if and which part of the supply chain is affected by non-EU export controls such as the Export Administration regulation (EAR) i.e. EAR99.
The description of the suitable technology development process that has been identified and set up within the consortium for avoiding export restrictions of non-EU states and assess vulnerabilities of the supply chain.
Analysing and describing, in detail , the full supply chain, each entity and its role in the supply chain, level of criticality and, if relevant, identify dependencies from outside EU;
Describing the industrial technical roadmap and a business plan for commercialization with accurate understanding of applications needs, space mission insertion, including time to market indication, of the developed product.
Reporting the list of relevant non-EU export control with extra territorial applicability for the specific technology/product under development, independently from the supply chain established for the EU-COM project.
Undertaking a comprehensive literature review of the relevant technology/product reporting the state-of-the-art and highlighting potential gaps between current EU solutions and competition from outside EU.
Reinforcing EU strategic autonomy by reducing non-EU dependencies on critical space EEE components and related technologies across their entire supply chain;
Providing unrestricted access to critical space EEE components and related technologies relevant for EU space missions (Galileo, EGNOS, Copernicus, IRIS 2 and EU pilot missions on In-Orbit Space Operations and Quantum Gravimetry);
Developing or regaining capacity to operate independently in space by developing resilient space EEE components and related technologies supply chains, relying on EU supply chains and/or trustable and reliable supply chains not affected by non-EU export restrictions;
Enhancing competitiveness by developing products and capabilities reaching equivalent or superior performance level than those from outside the EU and compete at worldwide level.
Reducing non-EU dependencies on critical space technologies across their whole supply chain from advanced materials to components, equipment, and sub-systems.
Providing unrestricted access to advanced space technologies relevant for EU space missions and programme components.
Developing or regaining capacity to operate independently in space by developing resilient space technologies supply chains, relying on EU supply chains and/or trustable and reliable supply chains not affected by non-EU export restrictions.
Enhancing competitiveness by developing products and capabilities reaching equivalent or superior performance level than those from outside the EU and compete at worldwide level.
Opening new opportunities for manufacturers by reducing dependency on export restricted technologies.
EU Space Programme
highThe EU Space Programme is the overarching framework for all EU space activities, consolidating existing and new space initiatives under a single programme for the 2021-2027 period. It aims to ensure the continuity and evolution of flagship programmes like Galileo (navigation), Copernicus (Earth observation), and EGNOS (satellite-based augmentation system), while also introducing new components like Governmental Satellite Communications (GOVSATCOM) and Space Situational Awareness (SSA). Its primary goal is to strengthen the EU's autonomy, resilience, and leadership in space, providing high-quality, secure, and cost-effective space-derived data and services to citizens and businesses.
Proposals should demonstrate a clear understanding of how their activities contribute to the broader objectives of the EU Space Programme. Evaluators will look for alignment with the programme's priorities, such as enhancing the capabilities of Galileo, Copernicus, or EGNOS, or supporting the development of new components like GOVSATCOM or SSA. Projects should articulate how they leverage or contribute to the services and data provided by the EU's flagship space infrastructures, ensuring European non-dependence and fostering innovation in downstream applications.
Union Secure Connectivity programme
highThe Union Secure Connectivity Programme, also known as IRIS² (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite), is a new EU flagship initiative aiming to provide a sovereign, multi-orbital, and secure satellite communication infrastructure. It seeks to ensure secure connectivity for governmental users and critical infrastructures, as well as to provide commercial services to foster innovation and digital inclusion across Europe and beyond. The programme is designed to enhance Europe's strategic autonomy and resilience in communication.
Proposals should clearly articulate how their work contributes to the objectives of the Union Secure Connectivity programme (IRIS²). Evaluators will look for projects that address the technological challenges, develop key components, or propose innovative applications that support the deployment and operation of a secure, sovereign, and multi-orbital satellite communication infrastructure. Emphasis should be placed on contributions to secure governmental communications, resilience, and the development of competitive commercial services, aligning with the programme's goals of strategic autonomy and digital inclusion.
European Partnership for Globally Competitive Space Systems (Space Partnership)
highThe European Partnership for Globally Competitive Space Systems is a co-funded partnership under Horizon Europe, dedicated to strengthening Europe's space ecosystem and ensuring the global competitiveness of its space systems and services. It focuses on fostering innovation, developing disruptive technologies, enhancing strategic autonomy, and building a skilled workforce to maintain Europe's leadership in the space sector.
Proposals should clearly demonstrate how they align with the strategic objectives of the Space Partnership, particularly in fostering innovation, developing disruptive technologies, and strengthening the European space industrial base. Evaluators will look for contributions to enhancing the competitiveness and resilience of European space systems, promoting non-dependence, and supporting the growth of the space sector through advanced component development and industrialisation.
Horizon Europe Regulation
highThe Horizon Europe Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2021/695) establishes the legal framework for the EU's flagship research and innovation programme for the 2021-2027 period. It defines the programme's objectives, structure (Pillars, Missions, Partnerships), funding instruments, and rules for participation. Horizon Europe aims to strengthen the EU's scientific and technological bases, foster competitiveness, deliver on EU strategic priorities like the green and digital transitions, and contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Proposals must inherently comply with the Horizon Europe Regulation. Evaluators expect proposals to demonstrate a clear understanding of the programme's overall objectives, expected impacts, and cross-cutting priorities (e.g., gender equality, open science, international cooperation). Beyond mere compliance, proposals should articulate how they contribute to the broader strategic goals of Horizon Europe, such as strengthening European research excellence, fostering innovation ecosystems, and addressing societal challenges. Adherence to ethical principles and responsible research and innovation practices is also crucial.
EU Financial Regulation 2024/2509
highSecure Society Policy
mediumThe EU Secure Society Policy aims to enhance the security and resilience of the European Union against a wide range of threats, including cybercrime, terrorism, natural disasters, and hybrid threats. It focuses on protecting citizens, critical infrastructures, and public spaces, fostering cooperation among Member States, and leveraging advanced technologies for effective prevention, detection, and response mechanisms.
Proposals should demonstrate how their research and innovation contribute to enhancing security, resilience, and crisis management capabilities within the EU. This could involve developing technologies for secure communication, surveillance, threat detection, disaster response, or protecting critical infrastructure. For space, this is highly relevant for secure satellite communications, space situational awareness, and resilient space infrastructure, directly supporting the EU's strategic autonomy in security.
InvestEU programme
mediumThe InvestEU Programme is an EU initiative designed to boost investment, innovation, and job creation across the European Union for the 2021-2027 period. It provides an EU budget guarantee to mobilise public and private investment, supporting policy priorities such as the green and digital transitions, strategic European industries, and social investment. InvestEU aims to address market failures and investment gaps by making financing more accessible for businesses, particularly SMEs, and for infrastructure projects.
While InvestEU is primarily a financing instrument, proposals referencing it should demonstrate how their research and innovation activities could lead to commercially viable solutions or technologies that attract significant follow-up investment. Evaluators might look for a clear pathway to market, potential for scaling up, and a strong business case that could eventually benefit from InvestEU support, particularly if the project addresses strategic EU priorities like digital transformation or strengthening European industrial competitiveness. The link is often indirect, focusing on the potential for future economic impact and investment attraction.
EU Space Act
mediumThe EU Space Act is a proposed legislative framework aimed at enhancing the safety, security, and sustainability of space activities within the European Union. It seeks to establish common rules for space traffic management, debris mitigation, and the authorization and supervision of space activities by Member States. The Act's objective is to ensure a level playing field for European space actors, promote responsible behavior in space, and protect critical space infrastructure, thereby contributing to the long-term sustainability of outer space.
Proposals should demonstrate an awareness of the principles and objectives underpinning the proposed EU Space Act, particularly concerning the safety, security, and sustainability of space operations. Evaluators will look for projects that incorporate best practices for space debris mitigation, responsible design of space systems, and contribute to technologies or services that enhance space situational awareness or space traffic management. While the Act is still under development, proposals should show foresight in aligning with its anticipated regulatory framework and promoting sustainable space practices.
Climate Policy
lowThe EU Climate Policy is a cornerstone of the European Green Deal, aiming for climate neutrality by 2050 and a 55% net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. It encompasses a comprehensive legislative framework, including the 'Fit for 55' package, to drive decarbonisation across all sectors, promote renewable energy, and enhance energy efficiency, thereby addressing the global climate crisis.
Proposals should demonstrate how their activities contribute to the EU's climate objectives, either directly through reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving energy efficiency, or indirectly by enabling technologies that support climate action. For space-related projects, this could involve developing components that contribute to more sustainable space operations, or support Earth observation missions critical for climate monitoring and modelling.
Environment Policy
lowThe EU Environment Policy, guided by the European Green Deal and the 8th Environment Action Programme, aims to protect, conserve, and enhance the EU's natural capital, safeguard citizens from environmental risks, and promote a circular economy. It covers a broad spectrum of areas including biodiversity protection, pollution reduction, sustainable resource management, and ensuring environmental sustainability across all sectors.
Proposals should articulate how they minimize environmental impact, promote resource efficiency, adhere to circular economy principles, or contribute to environmental monitoring and protection. For space components, this could involve sustainable manufacturing processes, reduced use of hazardous materials, or the development of components that enable Earth observation missions for environmental monitoring.
Transport Policy
lowThe EU Transport Policy, outlined in the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, aims to create a future-proof transport system that is sustainable, smart, and resilient. Its objectives include achieving a 90% reduction in transport emissions by 2050, promoting multimodal transport, digitalizing the transport sector, and ensuring safe, efficient, and accessible mobility for all citizens and goods across the Union.
Proposals should demonstrate how their work contributes to the objectives of sustainable, smart, and resilient transport. This could involve developing technologies for intelligent transport systems, alternative propulsion, improved connectivity, or enhanced safety in transport. For space, this might relate to leveraging satellite navigation (Galileo) or communication services for transport applications, or developing components that support such services.
Agriculture Policy
lowThe Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a fundamental EU policy supporting farmers and ensuring food security across Europe. The current CAP (2023-2027) focuses on fostering a more sustainable, resilient, and fair agricultural sector, promoting environmental care, climate action, and supporting rural areas, while guaranteeing a stable supply of safe, high-quality food for EU citizens.
Proposals should demonstrate how their activities contribute to the CAP's objectives, such as enhancing sustainable farming practices, improving food security, supporting rural development, or leveraging digital technologies for agriculture. For space-related projects, this could involve developing components or systems that enable advanced Earth observation for precision agriculture, crop monitoring, or land management.
1. Admissibility conditions — Proposal page limit and layout The page limit of the application is 80 pages. described in Annex A and Annex E of the Horizon Europe Work Programme General Annexes. Proposal page limits and layout: described in Part B of the Application Form available in the Submission System.
2. Eligible Countries — described in Annex B of the Work Programme General Annexes. A number of non-EU/non-Associated Countries that are not automatically eligible for funding have made specific provisions for making funding available for their participants in Horizon Europe projects. See the information in the Horizon Europe Programme Guide .
3. Other Eligibility Conditions — If projects use satellite-based earth observation, positioning, navigation and/or related timing data and services, beneficiaries must make use of Copernicus and/or Galileo/EGNOS (other data and services may additionally be used). In order to achieve the expected outcomes, and safeguard the Union’s strategic assets, interests, autonomy, or security, participation is limited to legal entities established in Member States, Norway and Iceland. Proposals including entities established in countries outside the scope specified in the call/topic/action will be ineligible. For the duly justified and exceptional reasons listed in the paragraph above, in order to guarantee the protection of the strategic interests of the Union and its Member States, entities established in an eligible country listed above, but which are directly or indirectly controlled by a non-eligible country or by a non-eligible country entity, may not participate in the action unless it can be demonstrated, by means of guarantees positively assessed by their eligible country of establishment, that their participation to the action would not negatively impact the Union’s strategic assets, interests, autonomy, or security. Entities assessed as high-risk suppliers of mobile network communication equipment within the meaning of ‘restrictions for the protection of European communication networks’ (or entities fully or partially owned or controlled by a high-risk supplier) cannot submit guarantees.[[The guarantees shall in particular substantiate that, for the purpose of the action, measures are in place to ensure that: a) control over the applicant legal entity is not exercised in a manner that retrains or restricts its ability to carry out the action and to deliver results, that imposes restrictions concerning its infrastructure, facilities, assets, resources, intellectual property or know-how needed for the purpose of the action, or that undermines its capabilities and standards necessary to carry out the action; b) access by a non-eligible country or by a non-eligible country entity to sensitive information relating to the action is prevented; and the employees or other persons involved in the action have a national security clearance issued by an eligible country, where appropriate; c) ownership of the intellectual property arising from, and the results of, the action remain within the recipient during and after completion of the action, are not subject to control or restrictions by non-eligible countries or non-eligible country entity, and are not exported outside the eligible countries, nor is access to them from outside the eligible countries granted, without the approval of the eligible country in which the legal entity is established. ]] described in Annex B of the Work Programme General Annexes.
4. Financial and operational capacity and exclusion — described in Annex C of the Work Programme General Annexes.
5a. Evaluation and award: Award criteria, scoring and thresholds — The evaluation committee will be composed partially by representatives of EU institutions. are described in Annex D of the Work Programme General Annexes.
5b. Evaluation and award: Submission and evaluation processes — are described in Annex F of the Work Programme General Annexes and the Online Manual .
5c. Evaluation and award: Indicative timeline for evaluation and grant agreement — described in Annex F of the Work Programme General Annexes.
6. Legal and financial set-up of the grants — described in Annex G of the Work Programme General Annexes.
described in the specific topic of the Work Programme. Some activities resulting from this topic may involve using classified background and/or producing of security sensitive results (EUCI and SEN). Please refer to the related provisions in section B Security — EU classified and sensitive information of the General Annexes. Call documents Technical Guidance Document for the expected technology developments The Technical Guidance Document is provided to clarify technological expectations for the topic.
Application form templates — the application form specific to this call is available in the Submission System Standard application form (HE RIA, IA) Evaluation form templates — will be used with the necessary adaptations Standard evaluation form (HE RIA, IA) Guidance HE Programme Guide Model Grant Agreements (MGA) HE MGA Declaration of ownership and control A compulsory questionnaire on the declaration of ownership and control is to be filled by all project participants as part of the application. All declarations must be assembled by the coordinator and uploaded in a single file in the portal submission system. For additional information on the assessment of ownership and control process and on the guarantees please consult the draft guidance for participation in restricted calls .
HE Main Work Programme 2026-2027 – 1. General Introduction HE Main Work Programme 2026-2027 – 7. Digital, Industry and Space HE Main Work Programme 2026-2027 – 15. General Annexes HE Programme Guide HE Framework Programme 2021/695 HE Specific Programme Decision 2021/764 EU Financial Regulation 2024/2509 Decision authorising the use of lump sum contributions under the Horizon Europe Programme Rules for Legal Entity Validation, LEAR Appointment and Financial Capacity Assessment EU Grants AGA — Annotated Model Grant Agreement Funding & Tenders Portal Online Manual Funding & Tenders Portal Terms and Conditions Funding & Tenders Portal Privacy Statement
Evaluators will primarily focus on the consortium's ability to deliver a truly non-dependent, secure, and resilient EU supply chain for critical space EEE components. Beyond technical feasibility and performance, the proposal must provide a meticulous analysis of all potential non-EU dependencies and export control risks, coupled with a concrete, industrial-scale plan for commercialization and insertion into EU flagship space programmes (e.g., Galileo, Copernicus, IRIS 2).
Everything the call asks for, seen from the call's point of view. Each line shows what answers it, and which partner carries it.
This matrix lists everything the call asks for: outcomes, impacts, scope, the requirements buried in the call text, and policy alignment. Sign up free and GrantForge tracks each line against the concept you build.
| Requirement | Covered by | Carried | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scope activities | |||
| SC1The description of the technology and/or technology processes and high-level breakdown of the space EEE component supply chain to be used. Applicants should demonstrate that the supply chain and final product are free of any legal export restrictions or limitations, such as those established in the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) or equivalent instruments applicable in other non-EU jurisdictions. Applicants shall also report, in a dedicated subsection, if and which part of the supply chain is affected by non-EU export controls such as the Export Administration regulation (EAR) i.e. EAR99. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| SC2The description of the suitable technology development process that has been identified and set up within the consortium for avoiding export restrictions of non-EU states and assess vulnerabilities of the supply chain. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| SC3Analysing and describing, in detail , the full supply chain, each entity and its role in the supply chain, level of criticality and, if relevant, identify dependencies from outside EU; | · | · | Sign up to track |
| SC4Describing the industrial technical roadmap and a business plan for commercialization with accurate understanding of applications needs, space mission insertion, including time to market indication, of the developed product. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| SC5Reporting the list of relevant non-EU export control with extra territorial applicability for the specific technology/product under development, independently from the supply chain established for the EU-COM project. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| SC6Undertaking a comprehensive literature review of the relevant technology/product reporting the state-of-the-art and highlighting potential gaps between current EU solutions and competition from outside EU. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| Expected outcomes | |||
| EO1Reinforcing EU strategic autonomy by reducing non-EU dependencies on critical space EEE components and related technologies across their entire supply chain; | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EO2Providing unrestricted access to critical space EEE components and related technologies relevant for EU space missions (Galileo, EGNOS, Copernicus, IRIS 2 and EU pilot missions on In-Orbit Space Operations and Quantum Gravimetry); | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EO3Developing or regaining capacity to operate independently in space by developing resilient space EEE components and related technologies supply chains, relying on EU supply chains and/or trustable and reliable supply chains not affected by non-EU export restrictions; | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EO4Enhancing competitiveness by developing products and capabilities reaching equivalent or superior performance level than those from outside the EU and compete at worldwide level. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| Other requirements | |||
| No other requirements in this call. | |||
| Expected impacts | |||
| EI1Reducing non-EU dependencies on critical space technologies across their whole supply chain from advanced materials to components, equipment, and sub-systems. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EI2Providing unrestricted access to advanced space technologies relevant for EU space missions and programme components. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EI3Developing or regaining capacity to operate independently in space by developing resilient space technologies supply chains, relying on EU supply chains and/or trustable and reliable supply chains not affected by non-EU export restrictions. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EI4Enhancing competitiveness by developing products and capabilities reaching equivalent or superior performance level than those from outside the EU and compete at worldwide level. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| EI5Opening new opportunities for manufacturers by reducing dependency on export restricted technologies. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| Underlying policies | |||
| POL1eu space programmeThe EU Space Programme is the overarching framework for all EU space activities, consolidating existing and new space initiatives under a single programme for the 2021-2027 period. It aims to ensure the continuity and evolution of flagship programmes like Galileo (navigation), Copernicus (Earth observation), and EGNOS (satellite-based augmentation system), while also introducing new components like Governmental Satellite Communications (GOVSATCOM) and Space Situational Awareness (SSA). Its primary goal is to strengthen the EU's autonomy, resilience, and leadership in space, providing high-quality, secure, and cost-effective space-derived data and services to citizens and businesses. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| POL2union secure connectivity programmeThe Union Secure Connectivity Programme, also known as IRIS² (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite), is a new EU flagship initiative aiming to provide a sovereign, multi-orbital, and secure satellite communication infrastructure. It seeks to ensure secure connectivity for governmental users and critical infrastructures, as well as to provide commercial services to foster innovation and digital inclusion across Europe and beyond. The programme is designed to enhance Europe's strategic autonomy and resilience in communication. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| POL3european partnership for globally competitive space systems (space partnership)The European Partnership for Globally Competitive Space Systems is a co-funded partnership under Horizon Europe, dedicated to strengthening Europe's space ecosystem and ensuring the global competitiveness of its space systems and services. It focuses on fostering innovation, developing disruptive technologies, enhancing strategic autonomy, and building a skilled workforce to maintain Europe's leadership in the space sector. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| POL4horizon europe regulationThe Horizon Europe Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2021/695) establishes the legal framework for the EU's flagship research and innovation programme for the 2021-2027 period. It defines the programme's objectives, structure (Pillars, Missions, Partnerships), funding instruments, and rules for participation. Horizon Europe aims to strengthen the EU's scientific and technological bases, foster competitiveness, deliver on EU strategic priorities like the green and digital transitions, and contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. | · | · | Sign up to track |
| POL5eu financial regulation 2024/2509This regulation governs the financial management of EU funds, ensuring transparency, accountability, and efficient use of resources. It is relevant for proposals involving large-scale piloting and validation of AI systems in healthcare. | · | · | Sign up to track |
The binding rules of this call. Items marked auto are verified by GrantForge from the call and the template. The others are yours to confirm.
LMIC entities auto-eligible
Low/middle-income country entities are automatically eligible for funding.
EU space data infrastructures
If the project uses satellite-based Earth observation, positioning, navigation or timing data/services, beneficiaries must use Copernicus and/or Galileo/EGNOS. Other sources may be added but not substitute EU infrastructures.
Civil applications only
Horizon Europe funds exclusively civil applications. Research with exclusive military or dual-use application is excluded.
Gender Equality Plan
Having a Gender Equality Plan (GEP) is an eligibility criterion for public bodies, research organisations, and higher education institutions from Member States and Associated Countries.
Open Science
Mandatory open access to peer-reviewed scientific publications and responsible management of research data (FAIR principles, DMP required).
Talk to the Grant Coach to build your concept. The steps below fill in as it takes shape, and your coverage tracks the progress. You can refine everything once your project workspace is created.
Step 1 of 2 · Build your concept
The problems this call frames, and who they affect. Your concept and plan address them.
The EU currently faces significant reliance on external, non-EU suppliers for essential Electronic, Electrical, and Electromechanical (EEE) components used in critical space applications, leading to strategic vulnerabilities.
Existing supply chains for critical space EEE components are susceptible to non-EU export controls (e.g., ITAR, EAR) and broader geopolitical shifts, threatening the continuity and autonomy of key EU space programmes like Galileo, Copernicus, and IRIS².
There is a recognized gap in the EU's industrial capability to independently develop and produce cutting-edge GaN MMICs on SiC substrates for space, hindering its global competitiveness and ability to innovate in this strategic sector.
Companies involved in the design, manufacturing, and integration of space systems and components, including prime contractors, equipment manufacturers, and SMEs.
Specialized companies and research institutions focused on the development and production of advanced electronic components, particularly GaN MMICs and SiC substrates.
Researchers and academics working in materials science, semiconductor physics, microwave engineering, and space technology, benefiting from new knowledge and potential collaborations.
Organisations responsible for defining and implementing EU space policy and programmes, benefiting from enhanced strategic autonomy and access to critical components.
Governmental and institutional bodies involved in national security and space initiatives, gaining from secure and non-dependent access to advanced space technologies.
Various sectors and citizens who rely on the continuity and resilience of EU space infrastructure for navigation, earth observation, and secure connectivity.
Step 2 of 2 · Build your concept
The long-term impacts your project should drive — this shapes the objectives next.
The project will significantly reduce the EU's reliance on external suppliers for critical space EEE components, thereby bolstering its strategic autonomy and ensuring uninterrupted access to essential technologies for its space programmes.
By developing high-performance, EU-sourced GaN MMICs on SiC, the project will enable EU manufacturers to compete effectively at a worldwide level, opening new market opportunities and strengthening the EU's position in the global space technology landscape.
The research and development activities will push the boundaries of GaN MMIC and SiC substrate technologies, contributing to the global scientific knowledge base and fostering innovation within the European research community.